
Zhongzhongtech
FollowOverview
-
Sectors Radiologie/Imagistica medicala
-
Posted Jobs 0
-
Viewed 7
Company Description
Artificial Intelligence Industry In China
The synthetic intelligence industry in the People’s Republic of China is a rapidly developing multi-billion dollar industry. The roots of China’s AI advancement began in the late 1970s following Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms highlighting science and technology as the country’s primary efficient force.
The initial stages of China’s AI development were sluggish and came across substantial challenges due to lack of resources and talent. At the starting China lagged most Western countries in terms of AI development. A bulk of the research study was led by scientists who had actually gotten higher education abroad. [1]
Since 2006, the government of individuals’s Republic of China has gradually developed a nationwide program for expert system advancement and emerged as among the leading nations in artificial intelligence research and advancement. [2] In 2016, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) released its thirteenth five-year strategy in which it intended to end up being an international AI leader by 2030. [3]
The State Council has a list of “nationwide AI teams” consisting of fifteen China-based companies, consisting of Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, and iFlytek. [citation needed] Each company ought to lead the development of a designated specialized AI sector in China, such as facial recognition, software/hardware, and speech recognition. China’s fast AI development has actually substantially impacted Chinese society in lots of areas, consisting of the socio-economic, military, and political spheres. Agriculture, transportation, accommodation and food services, and production are the leading industries that would be the most affected by further AI implementation.
The economic sector, university laboratories, and the armed force are working collaboratively in lots of elements as there are couple of present existing borders. [4] In 2021, China published the Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, its first national law resolving AI-related ethical concerns. In October 2022, the United States federal government revealed a series of export controls and trade constraints planned to restrict China’s access to advanced computer system chips for AI applications. [5] [6]
Concerns have been raised about the results of the Chinese government’s censorship regime on the advancement of generative expert system and talent acquisition with state of the nation’s demographics. [7] [8]
History
The research and development of expert system in China started in the 1980s, with the statement by Deng Xiaoping of the value of science and technology for China’s financial growth. [3]
Late 1970s to early 2010s
Expert system research study and development did not begin up until the late 1970s after Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms. [3] While there was a lack of AI-related research in between the 1950s and 1960s, some scholars think this is due to the impact of cybernetics from the Soviet Union regardless of the Sino-Soviet split during the late 1950s and early 1960s. [9] In the 1980s, a group of Chinese scientists released AI research study led by Qian Xuesen and Wu Wenjun. [9] However, throughout the time, China’s society still had a typically conservative view towards AI. [9] Early AI development in China was challenging so China’s federal government approached these challenges by sending Chinese scholars overseas to study AI and more providing government funds for research tasks. The Chinese Association for Expert System (CAAI) was founded in September 1981 and was licensed by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. [10] The very first chairman of the executive committee was Qin Yuanxun, who got a PhD in philosophy from Harvard University. [citation required] In 1987, China’s first research study publication on expert system was released by Tsinghua University. Beginning in 1993, wise automation and intelligence have actually been part of China’s national technology plan. [9]
Since the 2000s, the Chinese federal government has actually further broadened its research and advancement funds for AI and the variety of government-sponsored research tasks has dramatically increased. [3] In 2006, China revealed a policy priority for the advancement of synthetic intelligence, which was consisted of in the National Medium and Long Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020), released by the State Council. [2] In the very same year, expert system was likewise discussed in the l lth five-year plan. [11]
In 2011, the Association for the Advancement of Expert System (AAAI) established a branch in Beijing, China. [12] At very same year, the Wu Wenjun Expert System Science and Technology Award was founded in honor of Chinese mathematician Wu Wenjun, and it became the highest award for Chinese achievements in the field of . The first award event was hung on May 14, 2012. [13] In 2013, the International Joint Conferences on Expert System (IJCAI) was held in Beijing, marking the first time the conference was kept in China. This occasion accompanied the Chinese government’s announcement of the “Chinese Intelligence Year,” a significant milestone in China’s development of synthetic intelligence. [12]
Late 2010s to early 2020s
The State Council of China issued “A Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan” (State Council Document [2017] No. 35) on 20 July 2017. In the file, the CCP Central Committee and the State Council prompted governing bodies in China to promote the advancement of synthetic intelligence. Specifically, the strategy explained AI as a strategic innovation that has actually become a “focus of global competitors”. [14]:2 The document urged significant financial investment in a variety of tactical areas related to AI and required close cooperation in between the state and private sectors. On the event of CCP basic secretary Xi Jinping’s speech at the very first plenary conference of the Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), scholars from the National Defense University composed in the PLA Daily that the “transferability of social resources” between financial and military ends is an important element to being a fantastic power. [15] During the Two Sessions 2017,”expert system plus” was proposed to be raised to a tactical level. [16] The same year experienced the introduction of numerous application-level usages in the medical field according to reports. [17] Furthermore, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) developed their AI processor chip research study laboratory in Nanjing, and presented their first AI expertise chip, Cambrian. [citation needed]
In 2018, Xinhua News Agency, in partnership with Tencent’s subsidiary Sogou, launched its first synthetic intelligence-generated news anchor. [18] [19] [20]
In 2018, the State Council allocated $2.1 billion for an AI industrial park in Mentougou district. [21] In order to accomplish this the State Council specified the need for huge talent acquisition, theoretical and useful advancements, along with public and private investments. [14] Some of the specified inspirations that the State Council gave for pursuing its AI technique consist of the capacity of synthetic intelligence for industrial change, better social governance and keeping social stability. [14] Since completion of 2020, Shanghai’s Pudong District had 600 AI companies across foundational, technical, and application layers, with related industries valued at around 91 billion yuan. [22]
In 2019, the application of expert system expanded to various fields such as quantum physics, geography, and medical research study. With the introduction of big language models (LLMs), at the beginning of 2020, Chinese scientists began establishing their own LLMs. One such example is the multimodal large model called ‘Zidongtaichu.’ [23]
The Beijing Academy of Expert system released China’s first large scale pre-trained language design in 2022. [24] [25]:283
In November 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), Ministry of Industry and Infotech, and the Ministry of Public Security jointly issued the regulations concerning deepfakes, which ended up being efficient in January 2023. [26]
In July 2023, Huawei released its variation 3.0 of its Pangu LLM. [27]
In July 2023, China launched its Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Expert System Services. [28]:96 A draft proposal on basic generative AI services safety requirements, including requirements for information collection and model training was provided in October 2023. [28]:96
Also in October 2023, the Chinese federal government introduced its Global AI Governance Initiative, which frames its AI policy as part of a Neighborhood of Common Destiny and aims to construct AI policy dialogue with establishing countries. [29] [28]:93 The Initiative has revealed concern over AI safety threats, including abuse of data or the use of AI by terrorists. [28]:93
In 2024, Spamouflage, an online disinformation and propaganda project of the Ministry of Public Security, began using news anchors created with generative expert system to provide phony news clips. [18]
In March 2024, Premier Li Qiang released the AI+ Initiative, which intends to incorporate AI into China’s genuine economy. [28]:95
In May 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China revealed that it rolled out a large language model trained on Xi Jinping Thought. [30]
According to the 2024 report from the International Data Corporation (IDC), Baidu AI Cloud holds China’s largest LLM market share with 19.9 percent and US$ 49 million in income over the in 2015. This was followed by SenseTime, with 16 percent market share, and by Zhipu AI, as the third biggest. The fourth and 5th biggest were Baichuan and the Hong-Kong noted AI business 4Paradigm respectively. [31] Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax were praised by investors as China’s new “AI Tigers”. [32] In April 2024, 117 generative AI designs had actually been approved by the Chinese federal government. [33]
As of 2024, numerous Chinese innovation firms such as Zhipu AI and Bytedance have actually introduced AI video-generation tools to competing OpenAI’s Sora. [34]
Chronology of significant AI-related policies
Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Industry and Infotech; the Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs
National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
Government objectives
According to a February 2019 publication by the Center for a New American Security, CCP basic secretary Xi Jinping – believes that being at the forefront of AI innovation will be important to the future of global military and financial power competitors. [35] By 2025, the State Council goes for China to make fundamental contributions to standard AI theory and to strengthen its place as an international leader in AI research study. Further, the State Council goes for AI to end up being “the main driving force for China’s commercial upgrading and financial improvement” by this time. [14] By 2030, the State Council aims to have China be the worldwide leader in the development of expert system theory and technology. The State Council declares that China will have developed a “fully grown new-generation AI theory and technology system.” [14]
According to academics Karen M. Sutter and Zachary Arnold, the Chinese federal government “seeks to blend state planning and control while some functional versatility for firms. In this context, China’s AI companies are hybrid gamers. The state guides their activity, funds, and guards them from foreign competition through domestic market defenses, producing asymmetric benefits as they broaden offshore.” [36]
The CCP’s fourteenth five-year strategy reaffirmed AI as a leading research concern and ranks AI first amongst “frontier industries” that the Chinese government intends to concentrate on through 2035. [3] The AI industry is a tactical sector typically supported by China’s federal government guidance funds. [37]:167
Research and advancement
Chinese public AI funding generally concentrated on innovative and applied research. [38] The government financing likewise supported numerous AI R&D in the economic sector through endeavor capitals that are backed by the state. [38] Much analytic firm research revealed that, while China is massively investing in all elements of AI advancement, facial acknowledgment, biotechnology, quantum computing, medical intelligence, and autonomous cars are AI sectors with the most attention and financing. [39]
According to national guidance on establishing China’s high-tech commercial advancement zones by the Ministry of Science and Technology, there are fourteen cities and one county selected as a speculative development zone. [40] Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces have the most AI development in speculative areas. However, the focus of AI R&D differed depending upon cities and local industrial development and environment. For instance, Suzhou, a city with a longstanding strong manufacturing industry, greatly focuses on automation and AI facilities while Wuhan focuses more on AI applications and the education sector. [40] In connection with universities, tech firms, and nationwide ministries, Shenzhen and Hangzhou each co-founded generative AI laboratories. [25]:282
In 2016 and 2017, Chinese teams won the leading prize at the Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, a worldwide competitors for computer system vision systems. [41] A number of these systems are now being integrated into China’s domestic monitoring network. [42]
Interdisciplinary collaborations play a vital role in China’s AI R&D, including academic-corporate collaboration, public-private collaborations, and worldwide partnerships and jobs with corporate-government collaborations are the most common. [1] China ranked in the leading three worldwide following the United States and the European Union for the overall variety of peer-reviewed AI publications that are produced under a corporate-academic collaboration between 2015 and 2019. [43] Besides, according to an AI index report, China surpassed the U.S. in 2020 in the overall variety of worldwide AI-related journal citations. [43] In regards to AI-related R&D, China-based peer-reviewed AI papers are mainly sponsored by the federal government. In May 2021, China’s Beijing Academy of Expert system launched the world’s biggest pre-trained language model (WuDao). [44]
Since 2023, 47% of the world’s top AI researchers had finished their undergraduate studies in China. [28]:101
According to academic Angela Huyue Zhang, publishing in 2024, while the Chinese federal government has actually been proactive in managing AI services and enforcing obligations on AI companies, the total approach to its regulation is loose and shows a pro-growth policy beneficial to China’s AI market. [28]:96 In July 2024, the government opened its first algorithm registration center in Beijing. [45]
Population
China’s large population produces a massive quantity of available data for business and scientists, which offers an important benefit in the race of big data. Since 2024 [upgrade], China has the world’s biggest variety of internet users, generating big quantities of data for artificial intelligence and AI applications. [46]:18
Facial recognition
Facial acknowledgment is among the most extensively used AI applications in China. Collecting these big quantities of data from its residents helps additional train and expand AI abilities. China’s market is not only favorable and valuable for corporations to more AI R&D but also uses tremendous financial prospective attracting both global and domestic companies to join the AI market. The extreme advancement of the information and communication innovation (ICT) market and AI chipsets over the last few years are two examples of this. [47] China has actually become the world’s biggest exporter of facial recognition technology, according to a January 2023 Wired report. [48]
Censorship and material controls
In April 2023, [49] the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) issued draft procedures mentioning that tech companies will be obliged to make sure AI-generated material promotes the ideology of the CCP consisting of Core Socialist Values, avoids discrimination, appreciates intellectual residential or commercial property rights, and safeguards user information. [50] [25]:278 Under these draft steps, business bear legal obligation for training information and content produced through their platforms. [25]:278 In October 2023, the Chinese government mandated that generative synthetic intelligence-produced material may not “prompt subversion of state power or the toppling of the socialist system.” [51] Before launching a large language model to the general public, companies need to look for approval from the CAC to license that the design refuses to respond to certain concerns relating to political ideology and criticism of the CCP. [8] [52] Questions related to politically delicate topics such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations and massacre or comparisons in between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh need to be declined. [52]
In 2023, in-country access was obstructed to Hugging Face, a company that keeps libraries containing training information sets frequently utilized for big language designs. [8] A subsidiary of individuals’s Daily, the official paper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, offers regional companies with training information that CCP leaders consider allowable. [8] In 2024, individuals’s Daily launched a LLM-based tool called Easy Write. [53]
Microsoft has actually alerted that the Chinese government uses generative synthetic intelligence to interfere in foreign elections by spreading out disinformation and provoking discussions on dissentious political issues. [54] [55] [56]
The Chinese artificial intelligence design DeepSeek has actually been reported to decline to address concerns connecting to features of the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations and massacre, persecution of Uyghurs, contrasts between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh or human rights in China. [57] [58] [59]
Impact
Economic effect
Most firms [who?] hold positive views about AI’s economic impact on China’s long-term economic development. In the past, conventional industries in China have fought with the boost in labor costs due to the growing aging population in China and the low birth rate. With the implementation of AI, operational expenses are anticipated to lower while an increase in effectiveness produces income growth. [60] Some highlight the value of a clear policy and governmental support in order to get rid of adoption barriers including costs and lack of properly trained technical skills and AI awareness. [61] However, there are issues about China’s deepening income inequality and the ever-expanding imbalanced labor market in China. Low- and medium-income employees might be the most adversely affected by China’s AI advancement due to the fact that of rising demands for workers with sophisticated skills. [61] Furthermore, China’s financial growth may be disproportionately divided as a bulk of AI-related commercial development is focused in coastal areas instead of inland. [61]
An influential decision by the Beijing Internet Court has ruled that AI-generated content is entitled to copyright defense. [28]:98
Military effect
China seeks to develop a “world-class” military by “intelligentization” with a specific concentrate on the usage of unmanned weapons and expert system. [62] [63] It is investigating numerous types of air, land, sea, and undersea autonomous cars. In the spring of 2017, a civilian Chinese university with ties to the military showed an AI-enabled swarm of 1,000 unoccupied aerial vehicles at an airshow. A media report released later on revealed a computer system simulation of a similar swarm development finding and destroying a missile launcher. [4]:23 Open-source publications showed that China is also developing a suite of AI tools for cyber operations. [64] [4]:27 Chinese advancement of military AI is largely influenced by China’s observation of U.S. prepare for defense development and fears of a widening “generational gap” in contrast to the U.S. armed force. Similar to U.S. military principles, China aims to utilize AI for exploiting big troves of intelligence, generating a typical operating image, and accelerating battleground decision-making. [64] [4]:12 -14 The Chinese Multi-Domain Precision Warfare (MDPW) is thought about China’s response to the U.S. Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) strategy, which seeks to integrate sensing units and weapons with AI and an energetic network. [65] [66]
Twelve classifications of military applications of AI have been identified: UAVs, USVs, UUVs, UGVs, intelligent munitions, smart satellites, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) software, automated cyber defense software, automated cyberattack software, decision support, software, automated rocket launch software application, and cognitive electronic warfare software. [67]
China’s management of its AI ecosystem contrasts with that of the United States. [4]:6 In basic, couple of limits exist in between Chinese business business, university research study laboratories, the military, and the main federal government. As an outcome, the Chinese federal government has a direct methods of assisting AI advancement priorities and accessing technology that was seemingly established for civilian purposes. To further reinforce these ties the Chinese government developed a Military-Civil Fusion Development Commission which is intended to speed the transfer of AI innovation from industrial companies and research study institutions to the military in January 2017. [2] [4]:19 In addition, the Chinese federal government is leveraging both lower barriers to information collection and lower costs of data labeling to create the big databases on which AI systems train. [68] According to one estimate, China is on track to have 20% of the world’s share of data by 2020, with the possible to have over 30% by 2030. [64] [4]:12
China’s centrally directed effort is buying the U.S. AI market, in business working on militarily appropriate AI applications, possibly giving it legal access to U.S. technology and copyright. [69] Chinese venture capital financial investment in U.S. AI companies in between 2010 and 2017 totaled an approximated $1.3 billion. [70] [64] In September 2022, the U.S. Biden administration provided an executive order to prevent foreign financial investments, “particularly those from competitor or adversarial countries,” from purchasing U.S. technology companies, due to U.S. nationwide security issues. [71] [72] The order covers fields of U.S. innovations in which Chinese federal government has been investing, including “microelectronics, synthetic intelligence, biotechnology and biomanufacturing, quantum computing, [and] innovative tidy energy.” [71] [72]
In 2024, researchers from the People’s Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences were reported to have actually established a military tool utilizing Llama, which Meta Platforms said was unauthorized due to its design use restriction for military purposes. [73] [74]
Academia
Although in 2004, Peking University presented the first scholastic course on AI which led other Chinese universities to adopt AI as a discipline, particularly because China deals with obstacles in recruiting and keeping AI engineers and researchers. [21] Over half of the information researchers in the United States have actually been working in the field for over ten years, while approximately the very same percentage of information scientists in China have less than 5 years of experience. As of 2017, less than 30 Chinese Universities produce AI-focused experts and research items. [61]:8 Although China exceeded the United States in the number of research study documents produced from 2011 to 2015, the quality of its released papers, as evaluated by peer citations, ranked 34th internationally. [75] China specifically desire to resolve military applications therefore the Beijing Institute of Technology, one of China’s premier institutes for weapons research study, just recently established the first kids’s curriculum in military AI on the planet. [76]
In 2019, 34% of Chinese trainees studying in the AI field remained in China for work. [77] According to a database preserved by an American thinktank, the percentage increased to 58% in 2022. [77]
Ethical issues
For the previous years, there are conversations about AI security and ethical concerns in both personal and public sectors. In 2021, China’s Ministry of Science and Technology released the first nationwide ethical guideline, ‘the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Ethics Code’ on the subject of AI with specific emphasis on user defense, data privacy, and security. [78] This file acknowledges the power of AI and quick technology adaptation by the big corporations for user engagements. The South China Morning Post reported that humans shall stay completely decision-making power and rights to opt-in/-out. [78] Before this, the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence released the Beijing AI concepts requiring necessary requirements in long-lasting research and preparation of AI ethical principles. [79]
Data security has been the most typical topic in AI ethical conversation worldwide, and lots of nationwide governments have actually established legislation addressing data privacy and security. The Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China was enacted in 2017 intending to attend to new difficulties raised by AI advancement. [80] [original research study?] In 2021, China’s new Data Security Law (DSL) was passed by the PRC congress, establishing a regulatory framework classifying all sort of data collection and storage in China. [81] This implies all tech companies in China are needed to classify their information into classifications noted in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and follow particular guidelines on how to govern and handle data transfers to other celebrations. [81]
Judicial system
In 2019, the city of Hangzhou developed a pilot program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate conflicts connected to ecommerce and internet-related copyright claims. [82]:124 Parties appear before the court via videoconference and AI examines the evidence provided and applies pertinent legal requirements. [82]:124
Because some questionable cases that drew public criticism for their low punishments have actually been withdrawn from China Judgments Online, there are concerns about whether AI based upon fragmented judicial information can reach unbiased decisions. [83] Zhang Linghan, professor of law at the China University of Government and Law, writes that AI-technology companies may erode judicial power. [84] Some scholars argued that “increasing party management, political oversight, and minimizing the discretionary area of judges are deliberate goals of SCR [smart court reform]” [85]
Leading business
Leading AI-centric business and start-ups include Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, 4Paradigm and Yitu Technology. [86] Chinese AI companies iFlytek, SenseTime, Cloudwalk and DJI have actually gotten attention for facial acknowledgment, sound recognition and drone innovations. [87]
China’s government takes a market-oriented approach to AI, and has sought to encourage private tech companies in developing AI. [25]:281 In 2018, it designated Baidu, Alibaba, iFlytek, Tencent, and SenseTime as “AI champions”. [25]:281
In 2023, Tencent debuted its large language model Hunyuan for enterprise use on Tencent Cloud. [88]
New leading AI start-ups include Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax which were applauded by financiers as China’s brand-new “AI Tigers” in 2024. [32] 01. AI has likewise been touted as a leading start-up. [89]
Assessment
Academic Jinghan Zeng argued the Chinese federal government’s commitment to international AI leadership and technological competitors was driven by its previous underperformance in development which was seen by the CCP as a part of the century of humiliation. [90] According to Zeng, there are historically ingrained reasons for China’s stress and anxiety towards protecting an international technological supremacy – China missed out on both industrial revolutions, the one starting in Britain in the mid-18th century, and the one that originated in America in the late-19th century. [90] Therefore, China’s government desires to benefit from the technological revolution in today’s world led by digital innovation including AI to resume China’s “rightful” location and to pursue the nationwide restoration proposed by Xi Jinping. [90]
A post released by the Center for a Brand-new American Security concluded that “Chinese government authorities showed extremely eager understanding of the problems surrounding AI and worldwide security. This consists of understanding of the U.S. AI policy conversations,” and suggested that “the U.S. policymaking community to similarly focus on cultivating knowledge and understanding of AI advancements in China” and “funding, focus, and a desire amongst U.S. policymakers to drive massive needed change.” [35] A short article in the MIT Technology Review likewise concluded: “China may have unrivaled resources and huge untapped potential, but the West has world-leading proficiency and a strong research culture. Rather than fret about China’s progress, it would be wise for Western countries to concentrate on their existing strengths, investing heavily in research and education. ” [91]
The Chinese federal government’s censorship regime has actually stunted the development of generative synthetic intelligence [7] [8]
In a 2021 text, the Research Centre for a Holistic Approach to National Security at the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations composed that the advancement of AI produces difficulties for holistic nationwide security, including the threats that AI will heighten social stress or have destabilizing effects on worldwide relations. [28]:49
Writing from a Chinese Marxist view, academics including Gao Qiqi and Pan Enrong compete that capitalist application of AI will lead to greater oppression of employees and more serious social problems. [28]:90 Gao points out how the development of AI has increased the power of platform companies like Meta, Twitter, and Alphabet, resulting in greater capital accumulation and political power in fewer economic actors. [28]:90 According to Gao, the state needs to be the primary responsible actor in the location of generative AI (creating new content like music or video). [28]:92 Gao composes that military usage of AI dangers escalating military competitors between countries which the effect of AI in military matters will not be restricted to one nation however will have spillover effects. [28]:91
Dialogues between Chinese and Western AI professionals about the existential risk from expert system have occurred. [92]
Public polling
The Chinese public is typically positive relating to AI. [25]:283 [28]:101 A 2021 research study performed throughout 28 nations discovered that 78% of the Chinese public believes the benefits of AI exceed the threats, the greatest of any country in the research study. [25]:283 In 2024, a survey of elite Chinese college student discovered that 80% concurred or strongly concurred that AI will do more great than harm for society, and 31% thought it needs to be controlled by the government. [93]
Human rights
The extensively used AI facial recognition has actually raised issues. [94] According to The New York City Times, deployment of AI facial acknowledgment technology in the Xinjiang area to find Uyghurs is “the very first known example of a federal government purposefully using expert system for racial profiling,” [95] which is stated to be “one of the most striking examples of digital authoritarianism.” [96] Researchers have actually discovered that in China, locations experiencing greater rates of discontent are associated with increased state acquisition of AI facial recognition innovation, particularly by local municipal police departments. [97] [98]
Artificial intelligence.
Expert system arms race
China Brain Project
Fifth generation computer system
List of expert system companies
Regulation of expert system
References
^ a b Chang, Huey-Meei; Hannas, William C. (2022-06-22), “Foreign assistance, alliances, and technology transfer”, Chinese Power and Expert System (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 36-54, doi:10.4324/ 9781003212980-4, ISBN 978-1-003-21298-0
^ a b c He, Yujia (2017 ). How China is getting ready for an AI-powered Future (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ a b c d e Luong, Ngor; Fedasiuk, Ryan (2022-06-22), “State strategies, research study, and funding”, Chinese Power and Expert System (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 3-18, doi:10.4324/ 9781003212980-2, ISBN 978-1-003-21298-0
^ a b c d e f g Kania, Elsa B. (November 28, 2017). Battlefield Singularity: Expert System, Military Revolution, and China’s Future Military Power. Washington D.C: Center for a New American Security. OCLC 1029611044. Archived from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
^ Allen, Gregory (11 October 2022). “Choking off China’s Access to the Future of AI”. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
^ Allen, Gregory C.; Benson, Emily (2023-03-01). “Clues to the U.S.-Dutch-Japanese Semiconductor Export Controls Deal Are Hiding in Plain Sight”. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 2023-03-03. Retrieved 2023-03-03.
^ a b Zhang, Daqiu; Lin, Yujie (2024-07-02). “生成中国式AI : 审查之外 , 科技公司的烦恼清单” [Building a Chinese AI: Beyond censorship, tech companies’ list of concerns] Initium Media (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the initial on 2024-07-11. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
^ a b c d e Lin, Liza (July 15, 2024). “China Puts Power of State Behind AI-and Risks Strangling It”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
^ a b c d 蔡自兴 (13 August 2016). “中国人工智能40 年”. 科技导报 (in Chinese). 34 (15 ): 12-32. doi:10.3981/ j.issn.1000-7857.2016.15.001 (non-active 1 November 2024). ISSN 1000-7857. Archived from the initial on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-02-07. mention journal: CS1 maint: DOI inactive since November 2024 (link).
^ “Introduction to the Chinese Association of Expert System”. 中国人工智能学会.
^ Liu, Wei (2023 ), Liu, Wei (ed.), “From Adjustment to Innovation: How China’s Economic Structure Has Been Upgraded”, China’s 40 Years of Reform, Understanding China, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 11-33, doi:10.1007/ 978-981-19-8505-8_2, ISBN 978-981-19-8504-1.
^ a b “人民网 世界人工智能国际联合大会今秋将首次在中国举行– 中国科学院”. www.cas.cn. Archived from the initial on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ “科学网-首届吴文俊人工智能科学技术奖颁奖”. news.sciencenet.cn. Archived from the original on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ a b c d e “State Council Notice on the Issuance of the Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan” (PDF). New America. Archived (PDF) from the initial on April 13, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ Laskai, Lorand (29 January 2018). “Civil-Military Fusion: The Missing Link Between China’s Technological and Military Rise”. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
^ “中国科学报” 人工智能+” 应上升为国家战略– 中国科学院”. www.cas.cn. Archived from the initial on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ “人民网 强强联合建医疗” 阿尔法狗” 人工智能将问诊肿瘤– 中国科学院”. www.cas.cn. Archived from the original on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ a b Milmo, Dan; Hawkins, Amy (2024-05-18). “How China is using AI news anchors to provide its propaganda”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
^ Kuo, Lily (2018-11-09). “World’s first AI news anchor revealed in China”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-02-20. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
^ Steger, Isabella (2019-02-20). “Chinese state media’s latest innovation is an AI female news anchor”. Quartz. Archived from the original on 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
^ a b Cyranoski, David (January 17, 2018). “China goes into the battle for AI talent”. Nature. 553 (7688 ): 260-261. Bibcode:2018 Natur.553..260 C. doi:10.1038/ d41586-018-00604-6. PMID 29345655.
^ Liu, Zhiyi; Zheng, Yejie (2022-04-03). “Development paradigm of expert system in China from the perspective of digital economics”. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. 20 (2 ): 207-217. doi:10.1080/ 14765284.2022.2081485. ISSN 1476-5284. S2CID 249301337.
^ “自动化所研发出跨模态通用人工智能平台” 紫东太初”– 中国科学院”. www.cas.cn. Archived from the initial on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ “Beijing-funded AI language design tops Google and OpenAI in raw numbers”. South China Morning Post. 2021-06-02. Archived from the initial on 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
^ a b c d e f g h Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024 ). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ oso/9780197682258.001.0001. ISBN 9780197682258.
^ Zhang, Laney (April 26, 2023). “China: Provisions on Deep Synthesis Technology Enter into Effect”. Law Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2024-08-16. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
^ “Huawei unveils Arabic LLM, new information centre in Egypt as part of generative AI push”. South China Morning Post. 2024-05-21. Archived from the initial on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bachulska, Alicja; Leonard, Mark; Oertel, Janka (2 July 2024). The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People (EPUB). Berlin, Germany: European Council on Foreign Relations. ISBN 978-1-916682-42-9. Archived from the initial on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
^ Bandurski, David (2024-12-20). “AI for All”. China Media Project. Archived from the original on 2024-12-20. Retrieved 2024-12-22.
^ Zhuang, Sylvie (21 May 2024). “China rolls out big language design AI based upon Xi Jinping Thought”. South China Morning Post. Archived from the initial on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ “Baidu, SenseTime lead China’s market for business-focused LLMs, says IDC”. South China Morning Post. 2024-08-22. Archived from the initial on 2024-08-27. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
^ a b “China’s 4 brand-new ‘AI tigers’ become investor favourites”. South China Morning Post. 2024-04-19. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
^ “China’s AI startups race for clients as titans like Alibaba cut prices”. Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
^ “Chinese AI firms fight to stand apart from rivals in text-to-video market”. South China Morning Post. 2024-08-08. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
^ a b Allen, Gregory C. (2019 ). Understanding China’s AI Strategy: Clues to Chinese Strategic Thinking on Artificial Intelligence and National Security (Report). Center for a Brand-new American Security. JSTOR resrep20446. Archived from the initial on 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
^ Sutter, Karen M. ; Arnold, Zachary (2022-06-22), “China’s AI companies: Hybrid gamers”, Chinese Power and Expert System (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 19-35, doi:10.4324/ 9781003212980-3, ISBN 978-1-003-21298-0
^ Lan, Xiaohuan (2024 ). How China Works: An Intro to China’s State-led Economic Development. Translated by Topp, Gary. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/ 978-981-97-0080-6. ISBN 978-981-97-0079-0.
^ a b Ashwin Acharya; Zachary Arnold (December 2019). “Chinese Public AI R&D Spending: Provisional Findings”. Center for Security and Emerging Technology. doi:10.51593/ 20190031. S2CID 242961679. Archived from the initial on 2024-04-10. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
^ Larson, Christina (8 February 2018). China’s massive financial investment in expert system has an insidious disadvantage (Report). Science. doi:10.1126/ science.aat2458.
^ a b 21世纪经济报道 (2021-07-10). “解码人工智能” 国家队””. finance.sina.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2023-04-09. Retrieved 2024-02-16. mention web: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link).
^ Tilley, Aaron. “China’s Rise In The Global AI Race Emerges As It Takes Control Of The Final ImageNet Competition”. Forbes. Archived from the initial on 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ “Beijing to Judge Every Resident Based on Behavior by End of 2020”. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2020-05-16.
^ a b Zhang, Daniel; Mishra, Saurabh; Brynjolfsson, Erik; Etchemendy, John; Ganguli, Deep; Grosz, Barbara; Lyons, Terah; Manyika, James; Niebles, Juan Carlos (2021-03-08), The AI Index 2021 Annual Report, arXiv:2103.06312.
^ Heikkilä, Melissa (June 9, 2021). “Meet Wu Dao 2.0, the Chinese AI design making the West sweat”. Politico. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
^ Ho, C. (October 15, 2024). “PRC Launches First Algorithm Registration Center, Strengthening AI and Data Regulation”. Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2024-10-18.
^ Li, David Daokui (2024 ). China’s World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict. New York City, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393292398.
^ Li, Daitian; Tong, Tony W.; Xiao, Yangao (2021-02-18). “Is China Becoming the Global Leader in AI?”. Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Archived from the original on 2024-01-20. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ Knight, Will (January 24, 2023). “China Is the World’s Biggest Face Recognition Dealer”. Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the initial on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
^ Bandurski, David (April 14, 2023). “Bringing AI to the Party”. China Media Project. Archived from the original on April 15, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
^ Liu, Qianer (2023-07-11). “China to put down AI guidelines with focus on material control”. Financial Times. Archived from the initial on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
^ “China is supporting the fantastic firewall software for the AI age”. The Economist. December 26, 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the initial on 2023-12-26. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
^ a b McMorrow, Ryan; Hu, Tina (July 17, 2024). “China deploys censors to produce socialist AI”. Financial Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
^ Colville, Alex (2024-11-27). “The Party in the Machine”. China Media Project. Archived from the initial on 2024-12-02. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
^ Lyngaas, Sean (2023-09-07). “Suspected Chinese operatives using AI created images to spread out disinformation among US voters, Microsoft says”. CNN. Archived from the original on 2024-04-02. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
^ Milmo, Dan (2024-04-05). “China will use AI to disrupt elections in the US, South Korea and India, Microsoft alerts”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the initial on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
^ Farrell, James (April 5, 2024). “China Eying Election Disruption Campaigns-Including With AI, Microsoft Says”. Forbes. Archived from the initial on April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 8, 2024.
^ Field, Matthew; Titcomb, James (27 January 2025). “Chinese AI has actually sparked a $1 trillion panic – and it does not appreciate free speech”. The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 27 January 2025.
^ Steinschaden, Jakob (27 January 2025). “DeepSeek: This is what live censorship appears like in the Chinese AI chatbot”. Trending Topics. Retrieved 27 January 2025.
^ Lu, Donna (28 January 2025). “We experimented with DeepSeek. It worked well, until we asked it about Tiananmen Square and Taiwan”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
^ “How China Is Using AI to Fuel the Next Industrial Revolution”. Time. Archived from the initial on 2022-02-05. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
^ a b c d “Artificial intelligence: Implications for China”. McKinsey & Company. Archived from the initial on 2024-02-04. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ Bresnick, Sam (June 2024). “China’s Military AI Roadblocks”. Center for Security and Emerging Technology. doi:10.51593/ 20230042 (non-active 1 November 2024). Archived from the original on 2024-06-18. Retrieved 2024-06-18. mention web: CS1 maint: DOI non-active as of November 2024 (link).
^ Takagi, Koichiro (November 16, 2022). “Xi Jinping’s Vision for Expert system in the PLA”. The Diplomat. Archived from the initial on February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
^ a b c d Expert system and National Security (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-08. Retrieved 2020-04-30. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Magnuson, Stew (July 13, 2023). “China Pursues Its Own Version of JADC2”. National Defense. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
^ “China Military Power Report Examines Changes in Beijing’s Strategy”. U.S. Department of Defense. November 29, 2022. Archived from the initial on May 25, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
^ Fedasiuk, Ryan (August 2020). Chinese Perspectives on AI and Future Military Capabilities (Report). Center for Security and Emerging Technology. doi:10.51593/ 20200022.
^ Knight, Will (October 10, 2017). “China’s AI Awakening中国 人工智能 的崛起”. MIT Technology Review. Archived from the initial on 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ Mozur, Paul; Markoff, John (2017-05-27). “Is China Outsmarting America in A.I.?”. The New York City Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-04-07. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ Brown, Michael; Singh, Pavneet (2018 ). China’s Technology Transfer Strategy: How Chinese Investments in Emerging Technology Enable A Strategic Competitor to Access the Crown Jewels of U.S. Innovation (PDF). Defense Innovation Unit Experimental. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-12. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ a b Kan, Michael (September 15, 2022). “Biden Curbs China’s Investment in US Tech Firms With New Executive Order”. PC Magazine. Archived from the initial on February 20, 2024. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
^ a b Sanger, David E. (2022-09-15). “Biden Issues New Order to Block Chinese Investment in Technology in the U.S.” The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-02-20. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
^ Cheung, Sunny (October 31, 2024). “PRC Adapts Meta’s Llama for Military and Security AI Applications”. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 2024-11-02. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
^ Pomfret, James; Pang, Jessie (November 1, 2024). “Chinese scientists develop AI model for military usage on back of Meta’s Llama”. Reuters. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
^ “Which nations and universities are leading on AI research study?”. Times College. 2017-05-22. Archived from the initial on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ “China’s brightest kids hired to establish AI ‘killer bots'”. South China Morning Post. 2018-11-08. Archived from the initial on 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ a b “China has actually become a clinical superpower”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the initial on 2024-09-26. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
^ a b “Chinese AI has new ethical standards that curb Big Tech’s algorithms”. South China Morning Post. 2021-10-03. Archived from the original on 2022-02-03. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
^ Wu, Wenjun; Huang, Tiejun; Gong, Ke (March 2020). “Ethical Principles and Governance Technology Development of AI in China”. Engineering. 6 (3 ): 302-309. Bibcode:2020 Engin … 6..302 W. doi:10.1016/ j.eng.2019.12.015.
^ “Translation: Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017)”. DigiChina. Archived from the initial on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
^ a b Horwitz, Josh (2021-08-27). “China’s coming information laws leave firms with more questions than answers”. Reuters. Archived from the initial on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
^ a b Šimalčík, Matej (2023 ). “Rule by Law”. In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. Routledge. pp. 114-127. doi:10.4324/ 9781003350064-12. ISBN 978-1-03-239508-1.
^ Zhabina, Alena (January 20, 2023). “How China’s AI is automating the legal system”. Deutsche Welle. Archived from the initial on March 29, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
^ Chen, Stephen (2022-07-13). “China’s court AI reaches into every corner of justice system: report”. South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2024-03-31. Retrieved 2024-05-25. [H] umans will slowly lose complimentary will with an increasing dependence on innovation”, she stated in a paper published in the domestic peer-reviewed journal Law and Social Development on Sunday. The clever court system, developed with the deep participation of China’s tech giants, would likewise pass too much power into the hands of a couple of technical specialists who wrote the code, established algorithms or monitored the database. “We must be alert to the erosion of judicial power by technology companies and capital,” she included.
^ Papagianneas, Straton; Junius, Nino (November 2023). “Fairness and justice through automation in China’s wise courts”. Computer Law & Security Review. 51: 100-101. doi:10.1016/ j.clsr.2023.105897. hdl:10067/ 2001290151162165141. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2024-05-26 – through Elsevier Science Direct.
^ Pham, Sherisse (2018 ). “Chinese AI startup overshadows worldwide rivals with $4.5 billion assessment”. CNN. Archived from the initial on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ “China ramps up tech education to end up being expert system leader”. NBC News. 4 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-01-10. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
^ Cao, Ann (2023-09-07). “Tencent introduces Hunyuan foundation AI model for enterprises”. South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2024-06-03. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
^ Olcott, Eleanor (3 May 2024). “4 start-ups lead China’s race to match OpenAI’s ChatGPT”. Financial Times. Archived from the initial on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
^ a b c Zeng, Jinghan (2021-09-16). “Securitization of Expert System in China”. The Chinese Journal of International Politics. 14 (3 ): 417-445. doi:10.1093/ cjip/poab005. ISSN 1750-8916.
^ Knight, Will (October 10, 2017). “China’s AI Awakening”. MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Guest, Peter (November 29, 2024). “Inside the AI back-channel in between China and the West”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
^ Corvino, Nick; Li, Boshen (August 23, 2024). “Survey: How Do Elite Chinese Students Feel About the Risks of AI?”. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the initial on 2024-08-24. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
^ Beraja, Martin; Kao, Andrew; Yang, David Y; Yuchtman, Noam (2023-06-23). “AI-tocracy”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 138 (3 ): 1349-1402. doi:10.1093/ qje/qjad012. ISSN 0033-5533.
^ Mozur, Paul (2019-04-14). “One Month, 500,000 Face Scans: How China Is Using A.I. to Profile a Minority”. The New York City Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-06-08. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
^ Sahin, Kaan (December 18, 2020). “The West, China, and AI monitoring”. Atlantic Council. Archived from the initial on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ “Autocracy and AI Innovation”. Stanford University Center on China’s Economy and Institutions. Stanford University. July 1, 2022. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ “China’s AI-Tocracy Quells Protests and Boosts AI Innovation”. IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the initial on 2024-02-26. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
Further reading
Hannas, William C.; Chang, Huey-Meei, eds. (29 July 2022). Chinese Power and Artificial Intelligence: Perspectives and Challenges (1st ed.). London: Routledge.